The Associations Between Light Exposure During Pumping and Holder Pasteurization and the Macronutrient and Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk

Journal of Human Lactation - online first articles
4 év 7 hónap ago
Journal of Human Lactation, Ahead of Print.
Background:During pumping, storage, and pasteurization human milk is exposed to light, which could affect the concentrations of light-sensitive vitamins. Currently, milk banks do not regulate light exposure.Research Aim:The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of light exposure during pumping, storage, and pasteurization on (1) macronutrients, (2) select water-soluble vitamins, and (3) select fat-soluble vitamins.Methods:All 13 participants donated 4 milk samples each. Each sample underwent 1 of 4 treatments: raw and light protected, raw and light exposed, pasteurized and light protected, and pasteurized and light exposed. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients and Vitamins B1, B2, retinol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene.Results:β-carotene concentrations were not influenced by light exposure. Vitamin B1 was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by light-exposure (M = 0.23, SD = 0.01mg/L) compared to light-protected (M = 0.27, SD = 0.01mg/L) samples. Vitamin B2 concentrations were reduced (p < 0.05) by light-exposure in raw (M = 62.1, SD = 0.61µg/L) and pasteurized (M = 73.7, SD = 0.72µg/L) samples compared to light-protected raw samples (M = 99.7, SD = 0.66µg/L). No other tested nutrients were affected by light exposure.Conclusions:If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B1 and B2 concentrations may degrade below the current Adequate Intake recommendations for infants 0–6 months of age, increasing the risk of insufficient vitamin supply to the exclusively human milk-fed infant. Thus, pumped or processed human milk should be protected from light to preserve milk vitamin concentrations.
Hope K. Lima

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Lactational Mastitis: A Systematic Review

Journal of Human Lactation - online first articles
4 év 7 hónap ago
Journal of Human Lactation, Ahead of Print.
Background:Lactational mastitis is a maternal morbidity that affects the wellbeing of women and their babies, including through breastfeeding discontinuation.Research Aim:To systematically review the available global literature on the frequency of lactational mastitis, and to summarize the evidence on risk factors for lactational mastitis. We also describe gaps in the evidence and identify priority areas for future research.Methods:We systematically searched and screened 6 databases and included 26 articles, conducted meta-analysis of disease frequency, and narratively synthesized evidence on risk factors.Results:In 11 (42%) articles researchers reported a measure of disease frequency; 5 (19%) reported risk factors, and 10 (39%) included both. Overall, the quality of studies was low, related to suboptimal measurement of disease frequency, high risk of bias, reverse causality, and incomplete adjustment for confounding. Meta-analysis was based on 3 studies (pooled incidence between birth and Week 25 postpartum: 11.1 episodes per 1,000 breastfeeding weeks; 95% CI [10.2–12.0]); with high heterogeneity across contexts and highest incidence in the first four weeks postpartum. Researchers assessed 42 potential risk factors; nipple damage was the most frequently studied and strongly associated with mastitis. There was a scarcity of studies from low-resource settings.Conclusions:Lactational mastitis is a common condition, but the wide variability in incidence across contexts suggested that a substantial portion of this burden might be preventable. Provision of care to breastfeeding women at risk for or affected by mastitis is currently constrained due to a critical lack of high quality epidemiological evidence about its incidence and risk factors.
Emily Wilson

Ellenőrizve

10 óra 32 perc ago
Table of Contents for Journal of Human Lactation. List of articles from ahead of print issues.

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